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For some village sites settled in the past two or three centuries, we can use historical sources and index artifacts-objects such as European glass beads or iron nails with a known date of manufacture-to determine when they were occupied.īecause most sites in Upper Gambia lack these historical references and artifacts, we also use three techniques to directly date archaeological finds and their associated soil layers. younger), we rely on several methods for establishing their calendar dates. When did people settle or make use of the archaeological sites found across Upper Gambia? Although oral histories and pottery sherds give us clues about the relative order of sites (older vs.